A systematic review of coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services: current status and future research

A semi-quantitative systematic review was performed on coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services (CES) to identify: geographic distribution of research undertaken; effective methods for assessing CES; specific... [ view full abstract ]

A semi-quantitative systematic review was performed on coastal and marine cultural ecosystem services (CES) to identify: geographic distribution of research undertaken; effective methods for assessing CES; specific habitats/ecosystems that supply CES; subcategories addressed; and knowledge gaps. CES are the non-material benefits provided by ecosystems that contribute to human well-being, which are often under-represented in research due to difficulties identifying and valuing their intangible, subjective attributes. Consequently, this risks a lack of understanding and consideration of CES by decision makers. CES is a rapidly expanding research area; however, most studies have focused on terrestrial systems and little attention has been given to CES derived from coastal and marine ecosystems. Results of this review revealed little information exists on coastal and marine CES, and there is a disparity in the distribution of research; with most studies conducted in Europe and North America. There is a dearth of information on CES derived from specific habitats/ecosystems within coastal and marine areas, denoting a poor understanding of the different meanings and values people assign to these areas. Recreation was the most frequently addressed subcategory, highlighting the importance of recreational opportunities in coastal and marine settings; however, this should not minimise other less tangible CES that provide equally important benefits to human well-being that require further investigations. These include knowledge systems and social relations, which were under-represented in this review. Participatory approaches, using qualitative methods and stakeholder input were very effective in identifying and eliciting CES, as well as in revealing emergent CES benefits/values not included in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework. Further research is required using qualitative methods, and exploring alternative tools such as those used in cultural landscape research, to advance our understanding of CES. Coastal areas are often densely populated and sustainable management of coastal and marine systems is crucial. This requires an integrated ecosystem-based approach that involves trade-offs between ecosystem services, and it is important decision-makers are fully informed about the total value of ecosystem services, both monetary and non-monetary values, to facilitate improved outcomes in decision making that reflect community preferences.