Gene-environment interplay and music ability

Although genes (G) and the environment (E) have both been shown to be important for individual differences in expertise related traits, e.g. music achievement, still little is known about the GE interaction underlying... [ view full abstract ]

Although genes (G) and the environment (E) have both been shown to be important for individual differences in expertise related traits, e.g. music achievement, still little is known about the GE interaction underlying expertise. Here we explored whether musical enrichment of the childhood environment moderates individual differences in music achievement in adulthood. Particularly, we tested whether a musically enriched environment reduces genetic influences on music achievement, as has commonly been proposed. Music achievement was measured in 5,260 Swedish twin pairs using the Creative Achievement Questionnaire. As an indicator of musical enrichment a principal component was derived based on: the number of records in the family home, individuals in the environment playing an instrument, visited concerts, and music education before the age of 12. Moderation of the childhood musical environment on the mean level of music achievement and on the underlying genetic and environmental influences was evaluated. We also tested for sex differences. Results showed a positive association between musical enrichment of the childhood environment and music achievement in adulthood. Further, total variance in music achievement increased as a function of musical enrichment, which was explained by a relative increase in genetic influences on music achievement. Estimates of genetic and environmental influences as well as the magnitude of the moderation of the musically enriched environment on these estimates differed for males and females. These findings suggest that contrary to past believes, a musically enriched childhood environment amplifies differences in music achievement, which is largely driven by an increase in genetic factors.