Lead Concentrations in Drinking Water in Addison County Public Schools

Analyzing concentrations of lead (Pb) in drinking water is important because Pb is a known toxic metal, exposure to which can result in developmental damage, cardiovascular issues, and disruption of the reproductive system,... [ view full abstract ]

Analyzing concentrations of lead (Pb) in drinking water is important because Pb is a known toxic metal, exposure to which can result in developmental damage, cardiovascular issues, and disruption of the reproductive system, among much else. Testing for Pb is especially pertinent to the health of children, because they are the most susceptible to the effects of heavy metals. Yet, testing is only required in pre-K classrooms. In this study, we determined Pb in all drinking water outlets at Mary Hogan Elementary School, Bridport Central School, and Shoreham Elementary School, public schools within Addison County, VT. The collection of the drinking water samples was done according to the EPA’s 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools. Two types of water samples were collected: first draw (FD) and flush (FL) samples. Pb was determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Three Mary Hogan (3%), two Bridport (7%), and zero Shoreham outlets exceeded the EPA’s 15 parts per billion (ppb) action level. Overall, concentrations ranged from non-detect to 71 ppb. FL sample results indicated that the source of lead was the outlet fixtures or immediate connections rather than the pipes or the water source.